(a) HOLOARCTIC REGION

Geographic Limits:

Europe,Africa north of tropic of cancer,Asia north of Himalayas and North America.

Characteristic vertebrate fauna:

Barbary apes

Monotremes, marsupials and edantates (toothless mammals) are absent in this region.Except man and Barbary apes, primates are not also found in this region. The region is characterised by the most specialised forms of placental mammals.

Divisions:

1. Palaearctic

2. Nearctic